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Application protocol used to transfer files between network hosts over ports 20 and 21. FTP is mostly used in remote file access applications, and has several variants. While some HTTPS web services and web applications can offer direct file downloads to end u...

A logical reference to a resource stored on a computer network, serving as a mechanism to retrieve the contents. Most widely known as a web address, and the two terms are used interchangeably.

The foundation of web technology that serves website content to client browsers.  Clients connect to the server hosting the website, and asks for a specific resource using a URL, using TCP port 80. The server can choose to approve this request or respond with...

A mechanism that allowed multiple communication lines to work over a single physical communication line in legacy networks deployed over telephone lines.

Application protocol used for mail storage and retrieval on a server. IMAP is used on 143/tcp and 993/tcp for TLS-level security. IMAP supports permanent connections to a server, multiple client connections to the same mailbox, folder organization, and the cre...

Application protocol used to send mail between hosts on the internet. SMTP uses 25/tcp for messages between mail servers. The sender's SMTP server discovers the recipient's SMTP server using the domain name part of the recipient's email address (i.e. the lilt...

The programming and query language for relational databases.

A dedicated hardware device that provides general storage for an entire network. Usually made with a Linux-based OS that's access via a webpage using an IP address or a domain. NASs are made to fill a file-server role. They (should) have automatic backup capab...

Application protocol that manages VoIP and conferencing communications. SIP is responsible for managing user discovery, availability advertising, negotiating session parameters, session management and session termination. SIP endpoints are the end user device...

Network protocol responsible for delivering audio and video data over IP-based networks. RTP doesn't have a fixed port, but operates on the range 16384-32767/udp. RTP implements some of the reliability features usually associated with TCP communications. RTP...

Network protocol responsible for the monitoring and feedback of realtime data communications used in RTP.

A hardware appliance or software program that distributes incoming client requests across a set of configured servers, providing fault tolerance and improving throughput. Layer 4 Switch A basic load balancer that makes forwarding decisions on IP address and ...

Cisco proprietary protocol designed to provide both redundancy and load balancing for IP traffic.

aliases: FHRP Networking technique that configures failover routers that serve as the default gateway in a subnet. There are several FHRPs: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Hot Standby Router Protocol Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

aliases: VRRP Open-source standard protocol for configuring failover routers. VRRP is highly similar to HSRP, with the main differences being terminology and packet formats. In VRRP, the active router is called the 'master,' and the standby routers ...

aliases: HSRP Proprietary protocol developed by Cisco. Allows multiple physical routers to serve as a single default gateway for a subnet. Each router part of the mesh needs an interface connected with the subnet, a unique MAC address and a unique IP addre...

The public address of a load balanced cluster that is shared among the nodes. Also called a floating address.

A widely used software tool used for IP scanning. Nmap requires at least the IP address or the subnet to scan. When used without any switches or flags (e.g. nmap 10.0.0.116), Nmap sends a TCP ACK packet to ports 80 and 443 of the target IP to determine if a ho...